We assessed the feasibility of using sole and binary fresh waste from shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) for the culture of sea cucumber (Stichopus monotuberculatus) by studying the effects of sole and binary shrimp waste on sea cucumber′s survival rate, specific growth rate (SGR), fecal production rate (FPR), ammonia-nitrogen and nitrite-nitrogen productions as well as the variations of total organic matter (TOM) content in the feces comparing with those in corresponding feeds. Sea cucumbers grew fastest when fed with a diet containing 20% outdoor shrimp waste and 80% indoor shrimp waste. In the same diet treatment, FPR in the nighttime was significantly higher than in the daytime (P < 0.05). The highest and lowest average total FPR occurred in diet treatment E (80% outdoor shrimp waste and 20% indoor shrimp waste) and diet treatment A (outdoor shrimp waste), respectively. Both the ammonia-nitrogen production and nitrite-nitrogen production of sea cucumbers in different diet treatments decreased gradually as the crude protein levels in different diets decreased. TOM content in each feeds decreased while that in the feces increased at first, and then decreased gradually, respectively. In each diet treatment, the TOM content in feces decreased to different extent compared with those in the corresponding feeds, indicating sea cucumber has the potential of reducing organic pollution of shrimp waste.

We conducted an analysis of paternity and relatedness in 3 family groups of Oreochromis niloticus (♀)× Sarotherodon melanotheron (♂) hybrids F₁ with different parental information and different sizes by microsatellite markers from the 2^nd genetic linkage map of Nile tilapia. The results show there were 20 loci with different-sized alleles in O.niloticus and S.melanotheron detected in 86 pairs of microsatellites, including 13 specific loci and 7 shared allelic loci. The average number of alleles in F₁ was 2.90 and of polymorphism information was 0.439. The genetic distance among the 3 family groups was 0.362~0.504, and within each group was 0.245~0.316. The individual parents in the 3 different family groups were effectively identified by 3 completely higher polymorphic markers combinations. Using genotypic information, 4, 8 and 12 loci were needed for accurate paternity identification in family group A, B and C with high parent exclusion probability of 99.99%, 99.99% and 99.91%, respectively. Groups A and B contained 3 half-sib families, while group C contained 2 pairs of non-sib families or 4 half-sib families.

To provide reference for seed breeding of guppy (Poecilia reticulata), we investigated the histology of its female reproductive system and oogenesis process by light microscopy. Results indicate that the female reproductive system of guppy was made up of ovary, ovum delivery ducts and cloaca. Oogenesis process of guppy experienced 6 stages: At Stage Ⅰ, oocytes were mainly composed of oogonia. At Stage Ⅱ, primary oocytes reached small growth stage with growth loop, yolk nucleus and one layer of follicular membrane. At Stage Ⅲ, primary oocytes forming 2 layers of follicular membranes and egg envelopes reached great growth stage, and yolk granules began to accumulate. At Stage Ⅳ, primary oocytes reached late phase with cell polarization and completely developed egg envelopes. At Stage Ⅴ, oocytes matured and yolk granules condensed, vitelline foam almost distributing in the inner edge of cell membrane and follicular membrane shrivelling. At Stage Ⅵ, atretic follicles were digested and absorbed into connective tissue by follicular cells.

We studied the effects of different carbohydrate (CBH) sources on the daily weight growth (DWG) and digestive enzymes activities of larval peanut worm (Sipunculus nudus) by feeding the larvae 7 isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with glucose, sucrose, dextrin, tapioca starch, potato starch, corn starch or gelatinized corn starch as different CBH sources for 8 weeks. Results reveal that different CBH sources significantly affected the DWG of larval S.nudus (P < 0.05). Those fed with gelatinized corn starch and glucose had the highest and lowest DWG, respectively, significantly different from the other groups (P < 0.05).The DWG of those fed with 3 kinds of non-gelatinized starch were significantly higher than that of those fed with glucose, sucrose and dextrin (P < 0.05).The results of digestive enzymes analysis indicate that dietary CBH sources had significant effects on digestive enzymes activities (P < 0.05). Those fed with sucrose had the highest protease and amylase activities, significantly higher than the other CBH groups (P < 0.05). Those fed with glucose had the lowest lipase activity, significantly lower than the other CBH groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the effect of macromolecule carbohydrates (starch) on the growth of larval S.nudus is better than that of disaccharides (sucrose) and monosaccharides (glucose), and the growth effect of gelatinized corn starch is better than that of un-gelatinized corn starch.

Gracilaria blodgettii, a commercial red seaweed belonging to the Gracilaria and a material for agar extraction and abalone feeding, is currently cultured in ponds along the coast of southern China. In order to determine the optimum conditions for the growth of G.blodgettii, we studied the effects of different temperatures (18 ℃, 23 ℃, 28 ℃, 33 ℃ and 38 ℃), salinities (13, 18, 23, 28, 33 and 38) and light intensities (3 000 lx, 6 000 lx, 9 000 lx and 12 000 lx) on growth and biochemical constituents of G.blodgettii. The results show that the appropriate temperature, salinity and light intensity for its growth are 23~38 ℃, 18~38 and 6 000~9 000 lx, respectively. The optimum temperature, salinity and light intensity are 28~33 ℃, 23~33 and 9 000 lx, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, G.blodgettii suffered less from the damage of environment, having higher relative growth rate, the greatest content of phycobiliprotein and soluble protein, lower activity of peroxides (POD) and content of malondialdehyde and (MDA). The results suggest that the ability of physiological adjustment (increase in specific protein expression/ lower in hazardous substance) of G.blodgettii helps to resist high temperature and middle-high salinity.

We optimized the two-dimensional electmphoresis technique for analyzing hemolymph in Penaeus monodon. To obtain high resolution 2-DE patterns, we examined the protein extraction, IPG-strip length, separation scope of IPG strip, sample loading amount and focusing condition by PDQuest software. Results indicate that PEG 6000 removed high abundance protein in haemolymph faster and more effectively, and increased the concentration of low abundance protein. The protein preparation with 80% TCA-acetone extraction treatment in isoelectric focusing was effective. The optimum 2-DE patterns in the proteins of Penaeus monodon were successfully separated by using pH 3~10 NL IPG strips with 18 cm length and 300 μg protein sample. The study provides stable and replicable method for relevant studies on hemolymph proteame of P.monodon and other similar crustaceans.

The germplasm resources of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta are declining in South China.To solve this problem, we chose 2 small abalone populations from Shanwei cultured stock (BD) and Shenzhen wild stock (YS) as parents to make complete diallel cross and built 4 mating combinations, whose heterosis and combining ability of growth traits (shell length, shell width and body weight) were analyzed at 120 dph, 150 dph, 210 dph and 270 dph, respectively. The ranges of the mid-parent heterosis on hybrids shell length, width and body weight were 5.3~17.0, 6.3~15.3 and 7.8~9.0, respectively; and the ranges of heterobeltiosis were -1.0~11.2, -1.2~6.6 and -10.9~4.1, respectively. The reciprocal crosses had higher mid-parent heterosis compared with the orthogonal combination. The GCA effects of each growth stage of BD groups were negative values (-0.19~ -0.09, -0.11~ -0.07 and -0.40~ -0.24), while the YS groups were positive values (0.09~0.19, 0.07~0.11 and 0.24~0.40). The specific combining ability (SCA) effects of YS group and BD group at each growth stage were 0.01~0.14, 0~0.07 and 0.02~0.07, respectively. The general combining ability (GCA), SCA and maternal effects of BD group were all less than those of YS group, which shows that increasing the quantities of the wild population in the mating parents can improve the growth performance of H.diversicolor supertexta effectively.

We investigated the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of sarafloxacin hydrochloride in Litopenaeus vannamei following intra-sinus injection (10 mg · kg^-1) and oral administration (30 mg · kg^-1) using the RP-HPLC. The shrimps were kept in seawater with salinity of 33 and at temperature of (28.0±1.0) ℃. The concentration-time curves of haemolymph sarafloxacin hydrochloride after intra-sinus injection and oral adminstration were best described by two-compartment model and two-compartment model with first absorption, respectively. After oral adminstration, the bioavailability (F) of sarafloxacin hydrochloride was 61.6%, and the concentration of sarafloxacin hydrochloride in hepatopancreas was 24.4 and 51.9 times higher than that in hemolymph and muscle, respectively, while the AUC_0-t of hepatopancrea was 18.7 and 62.0 times higher than that in hemolymph and muscle, respectively. However, the sarafloxacin hydrochloride was faster eliminated in hepatopancreas and muscle, the reside concentration being less than 0.1 mg · kg^-1 in 36 h for muscle and in 5 d for hepatopancreas after oral administration. Since sarafloxacin hydrochloride has good absorption and high bioavailability with faster elimination in hepatopancreas and muscle, it is an ideal antimicrobial agent for prevention and treatment of shrimp bacterial diseases.

We described the relationship between length (fork length, carapace length, carapace width and carcass length) and weight for 22 species of fishing resources caught during 2008~2009 in Bohai Bay and conducted a regression analysis of power function. A total of 4 478 individuals belong to 8 orders and 16 families. The value of the exponent b in the length-weight relationship ranged from 1.271 to 3.316 and was mainly about 2.979. The t-test indicates that 10 species were of isometric growth pattern, 10 species were in negative algometry and 2 species were in positive algometry. The R² of length-weight of all species except 4 species were larger than 0.81. The present length-weight key for 22 species of fishing resources is a valuable tool for fishery managers.

We analyzed the residues of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the seawater, sediments and cultured shellfish of Dong-shan Bay by gas chromatography to evaluate the risks of the residues to human health and edible safety. The results show that the PCBs contents at the bottom were higher than those at the surface of seawater, and those in summer (August) were higher than those in spring (May). Overall, the PCBs contents declined from mid-bay to out-bay with highly significant correlation between suspended matter contents and PCBs contents at the bottom of seawater. Moreover, PCBs contents at the surface of sediments were high in near shore but low in mid-bay and out-bay with highly significant correlation between TOC contents and PCBs contents. The deleterious effects on biology from the residues of PCBs were not obvious. In addition, there were clear differences of PCBs residues among cultured shellfish species. As for the capacity of PCBs enrichment, Saccostrea cucullata, Sinonovacula constricta and Paphia undulate were the best, then were Tegillarca granosa and Chlamys nobilis, and then Ruditapes philippinarum and Haliotis diversicolor. In conclusion, the cancerogenic risk index of cultured shellfish is acceptable. The level of PCBs residues in cultured shellfish in Dongshan Bay is medium among cultured shellfish in coastal Fujian Province.

This paper studies the extraction and detection methods for nitrofurazone residues in sediment of aquaculture pond. The extraction by methanol-methylene chloride (3:7) mixed solvent achieved good effects. We compared oscillation extraction with ultrasonic-assisted heating extraction, finding that the latter extracted more. The HPLC chromatographic conditions had been optimized. Isolated on a C18 reversed-phase column, gradient elution obtained better peaks and better separation than isocratic elution. With methanol-methylene chloride (3:7) as extraction solvent, the ultrasonic-assisted heating method (35 kHz, intensity of 100%, 40 ℃) for extraction obtained 80%~95% recovery, and the relative standard of deviation was less than 10% and the detection limit reached 0.250 μg·kg^-1. The user-friendly method has high recovery, good stability and high sensitivity.

Based on a single-factor analysis, we used Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to optimize the method for extraction of flavonoids by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) technology from Canavalia maritima. The extraction temperature, static extraction time and methanol concentration were chosen as independent variables and the flavonoids extraction rate was selected as response value; Box-Behnken method was adopted for the designment of the experiment to study the significance of each factor and its mutual influence on extraction rate. Then we utilized Design Expert software to establish the mathematical model of polynomial quadratic equation. The optimum conditions of flavonoids extraction were as follows: 130 ℃ of extraction temperature, 16 min of extraction time, 66% of methanol concentration and static circulate twice. The extraction rate was 83.43% at the optimum conditions and the relative error between the actual and predicted values was only 1.63%.

Using mixture design to optimize formula of mixed bacteria, we studied the effects of 4 strains of bacteria on OD₆₀₀, ammonia and nitrite removal rate, and established a regression model. Through the equation analysis and optimization of Design Expert 8.0, the response values satisfying all expectations were optimized, and the most excellent combinations of Bacillus sp. BD6, Bacillus sp. BZ5 and Vibrio alginolyticus VZ5 were 5.2%, 22% and 72.8%, respectively. The result of verification experiment on the formulation was consistent with the prediction. Ammonia and nitrite removal rate by the mixed bacteria was higher at 24^th hour, reaching 98.37% and 93.81% at 72^th hour, respectively. Mixture design and analysis software can optimize the formulation of mixed bacteria for several responses and obtain the best formulation.

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous industrial chemicals used as plasticizers in plastics with neural, reproductive and developmental toxicity. As endocrine disrupting agents, they have harsh effects on the liver, kidneys and the reproductive system, so several countries have listed some of PAEs as the priority contaminants. Diet is one of the most important sources through which humans are exposed to PAEs. Residues of PAEs have been detected in various foodstuffs. The safety of aquatic products, which are important in providing proteins for human beings, affect consumers' health directly. The review reports on the concentrations and distribution of PAEs in domestic and overseas fishery products, and introduces health risk assessment of human exposure for PAEs via diet through hazard identification, dose-response analysis, exposure assessment and risk characterization. In the end, the research trends are prospected.