Abstract: Environmental DNA (eDNA) technology is attracting more and more attention in the biological evaluation of aquatic ecosystems because of its non-invasive, efficient, economical and sensitive characteristics. Focusing on the content, application status and challenges of eDNA technology, we review its application prospect in biomass assessment of aquatic ecosystems in laboratory environment and wild aquatic ecosystem. Besides, we discusse its advantages and disadvantages, ecological process as well as evaluation error. Finally, we prospect the technology application in aquatic biomass assessment, so as to provide references for eDNA technology application in that field.