An analysis of biological characteristics of Argentine shortfin squidIllex argentinus collected by trawl in southwest Atlantic in 2011
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摘要:
根据2011年1月~4月双拖网船在西南大西洋作业时采集的901尾阿根廷滑柔鱼(Illex argentinus)样本，对其渔获群体组成、摄食等级、胴长-体质量关系以及性腺发育等进行了分析。结果表明，样本个体大小随采样时间的推移有明显增大趋势；小胴长组阿根廷滑柔鱼的摄食能力较大胴长组弱，摄食等级的高低与其繁殖高峰期有关。阿根廷滑柔鱼雌、雄初次性成熟胴长分别为191.6 mm和182.6 mm，性腺成熟度为Ⅴ期个体的平均胴长小于处于Ⅲ、Ⅳ期个体的平均胴长。综合分析推测，该研究采集的901尾样本为南部巴塔哥尼亚群体和夏季产卵群体的混合样本，在拖网作业后期，渔场补充了部分大个体的夏季群体。
Abstract:In base of 901 individuals of Argentine shortfin squid (Illex argentinus) collected in continental shelf and slope of southwest Atlantic by twin trawls during January to April in 2011, we determined their population composition, feeding intensity, length-weight relationship and gonadal development. The results show that the mantle length of the samples increases along with the sampling time. Feeding ability of small-mantle-length groups is weaker than that of big-mantle-length ones, which is related with fecundity peak period. The mantle length of first maturity for females and males is 191.6 mm and 182.6 mm, respectively. The average mantle length in maturity Stage Ⅴ is shorter than that in Stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ. The results suggests that the catch is composed of south Patagonia stock (SPS) and summer spawning stock (SSS), and recruitment of some big-mantle-length summer population is found in post trawling.
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Keywords:
- Illex argentinus /
- trawl /
- southwest Atlantic /
- biological characteristics
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在饲料中添加增强鱼体免疫力和抵抗力的添加剂，逐渐成为控制鱼病和健康养殖的重要措施。壳聚糖是甲壳素脱乙酰基的产物，饲料中添加壳聚糖可通过提高动物的免疫功能和抗病力促进动物的生长，并且具有良好的生理活性和生物相容性，能被生物降解，且降解产物不会对环境造成污染。目前的壳聚糖生产大多以虾、蟹壳为材料，但用这些原料来生产壳聚糖存在着一定的局限性，如含量低(通常约占干重6%~20%)，虾、蟹壳中含有大量的石灰质，迫使在甲壳素生产过程中大量地使用盐酸而造成甲壳素酸降解，降低产品质量，并污染环境等。昆虫体壳甲壳素的含量最高，体壁灰分含量少，较虾、蟹壳易于提取甲壳素及减少甲壳素分子链酸降解，相对容易生产[1]。笔者以往的研究表明，昆虫源壳聚糖对蛋鸡、肉鸡的生产性能有促进作用，其生物活性明显优于虾、蟹壳源壳聚糖[2-3]。昆虫源壳聚糖在鱼类方面的研究还鲜见报道。此试验旨在鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)基础饲料中添加不同水平的昆虫源壳聚糖，探讨其在饲料中的适宜添加水平，为昆虫源壳聚糖的开发应用提供依据。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计和试验鱼
采用单因子随机区组设计。试验用鱼高背鲫购于市场，共计225尾，体重25.2±1.7 g。试验鱼在水族箱内驯养一周后随机分为5个处理组，每处理组3个重复，每组15尾。各个处理组的鲫鱼饲喂的饲料中分别添加0%、0.25%、0.50%、0.75%和1.00%的昆虫源壳聚糖，试验期为8周。
1.2 试验饲料
试验基础饲料的组成和主要营养指标见表 1。
表 1 基础饲料的组成及主要营养指标Table 1. Composition and nutrient levels of basal feed% 原料名称
feed stuff在饲料中的比例
percent in feed主要营养指标
nutrient parameters营养水平
nutrient level鱼粉 fish meal 12 粗蛋白 crude protein 30.25 豆粕 soybean meal 30 粗脂肪 crude fat 4.85 棉籽粕 cotton seed meal 11 粗灰分 crude ash 12.30 面粉 flour 15 赖氨酸 Lys 1.63 米糠 rice bran 20 蛋氨酸 Met 0.49 玉米粉 corn 10 磷酸氢钙 calcium phosphate dibasic 1 矿物质及维生素预混料 mineral and vitamin premix 1 试验饲料为基础饲料中添加0%、0.25%、0.50%、0.75%和1.00%的昆虫源壳聚糖，混合均匀后压制成2~3 mm颗粒饲料烘干备用。昆虫源壳聚糖以油葫芦(Cryllus testaceus)为原料，按照王敦等[4]的方法制备。
1.3 饲养管理
试验在水族箱中进行，其规格为120 cm×50 cm×60 cm，配有加热棒和充氧机，保持水温24~27℃，pH 7.2，溶氧5~8 mg · L-1，驯化饲养1周后饲喂试验饲料。试验鱼每天喂4次(8: 30，11: 30，14: 00，17: 00)，日投饵率2%~4%，根据鱼的摄食情况适当增减。每天记录摄食量和水温，并清除水箱内粪便和污物，定期换水。
1.4 测定指标及方法
在试验正式开始及结束前鱼饥饿24 h，给每组鱼称重。按下列公式计算相对增重率和饵料系数。
相对增重率(%) = (试验结束鱼体重－试验开始鱼体重) /试验开始鱼体重×100%；
饵料系数=TF/ (WF－WI)；
式中WF为试验终末每个处理组鱼总重；WI为初始每个处理组鱼总重；TF为每个重复摄食量。
1.5 统计分析
所有数据采用Excel软件进数据整理，用SPSS 11.5软件的One-Way ANOVA模块进行方差分析，用Turkey法进行多重比较，显著水平为P<0.05。
2. 结果与讨论
在鲫鱼饲料中添加不同水平的昆虫源壳聚糖后生长性能的变化情况见表 2。
表 2 昆虫源壳聚糖添加水平对鲫鱼生长性能的影响Table 2. Effect of chitosan from insect resource on growth performance of crucian carp壳聚糖添加水平/%
chitosan level饲料投喂量/g
feed consumption per fish相对增重率/%
relative growth rate饵料系数
feed coefficient0 24.92±1.02a 49.40±3.52a 2.01±0.10a 0.25 23.66±1.15a 55.78±2.44ab 1.69±0.13b 0.50 24.32±1.58a 63.49±3.75b 1.52±0.07b 0.75 23.70±1.32a 59.52±3.05b 1.58±0.12b 1.00 25.70±1.22a 57.71±3.25b 1.76±0.15b 注：同列数据标有相同字母者表示差异不显著(P>0.05)；标有不同字母者表示差异显著(P < 0.05)
Note：Means within row with same superscripts were not significant (P>0.05)；means within row with different superscripts were significant (P < 0.05)可以看出，添加昆虫源壳聚糖后各处理组的相对增重率均高于未添加组，其中0.50%、0.75%和1.00%处理组与对照组存在显著的差异(P < 0.05)，0.25%添加组与未添加组无显著差异(P>0.05)，0.50%处理组最高；添加昆虫源壳聚糖后的饵料系数均显著的降低(P < 0.05)，以0.50%的添加水平组最佳。其他学者在罗非鱼(Tilapia)[5]、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)[6]、异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)[7]等鱼类饲料添加普通壳聚糖后对生长性能的影响也有相同的报道。
试验中，昆虫源壳聚糖的促生长作用并不随着壳聚糖添加量的增加而不断增强。于东祥等[8]对真鲷(Pagrosomus major)的研究有类似报道，饲料中添加0.5%和1.0%的甲壳胺制剂可以提高真鲷的相对增重率，并且0.5%的添加效果要比1.0%的效果更好。SHIAU和YU[9]的研究中也发现，罗非鱼的增重率随壳聚糖添加量(2%、5%、10%)的增加而降低，10%的壳聚糖会抑制罗非鱼的生长和饲料转化率。可见，过量添加壳聚糖对鱼的生长会有抑制作用。
通过对昆虫源壳聚糖的添加水平与相对增重率和饵料系数间的关系进行统计分析，发现存在着显著的二次曲线关系(P < 0.01)(图 1、图 2)。通过求导计算最佳相对增重率和饵料系数时的添加水平为0.63%和0.57%，平均为0.60%。这与其他学者在不同鱼类中添加虾蟹壳壳聚糖的研究结果接近，大多数学者认为虾蟹壳壳聚糖在罗非鱼[5]、真鲷幼鱼[8]、草鱼[6, 10]、花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)[11]、异育银鲫[12]、三角鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)[13]饲料中的适宜添加水平为0.5%，也有认为罗非鱼为0.75%[7]，甚至1.0%[14]。这可能是不同研究中的试验鱼种类、基础饲料组成、试验中壳聚糖添加梯度大小及数量等方面的差异导致的。文章通过分析壳聚糖添加水平与相对增重率和饵料系数间的关系得到的最佳添加水平，而其他学者一般是比较了不同处理组间的差异情况得出的结论，未研究壳聚糖水平与生长性能指标间的关系后通过计算确定最佳水平，这可能是与他人报道存在一定差异的主要原因。此外，昆虫源壳聚糖和虾蟹壳壳聚糖对鱼类的促生长作用是否存在差异以及机理还有待于进一步研究。
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图 1 昆虫源壳聚糖添加水平与鲫鱼相对增重率间的关系Figure 1. Relationship between levels of chitosan from insect resource and relative growth rate of crucian carp![]()
图 2 昆虫源壳聚糖添加水平与鲫鱼饵料系数间的关系Figure 2. Relationship between levels of chitosan from insect resource and feed coefficient of crucian carp3. 小结
从文中的试验结果来看，饲料中添加0.50%昆虫源壳聚糖组的生长性能最好，结合昆虫源壳聚糖水平与相对增重率和饵料系数的回归关系计算出最佳添加水平为0.60%的结果，再考虑其他学者在不同鱼类饲料中添加虾蟹壳壳聚糖的适宜水平为0.50%的情况，笔者认为，为了取得较好的养殖效果，在鲫鱼饲料中添加0.50%~0.60%昆虫源壳聚糖较为适宜。
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图 2 阿根廷滑柔鱼体质量和胴长频数分布
Figure 2. Frequency distribution of body weight and mantel length of I.argentinus
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图 3 逐次样本雄性阿根廷滑柔鱼胴长频率分布及性腺成熟度组成
Figure 3. Temporal variation of frequency distribution of mantel length and maturity stage in male I.argentinus
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图 4 逐次样本雌性阿根廷滑柔鱼胴长频率分布及性腺成熟度组成
Figure 4. Temporal variation of frequency distribution of mantel length and maturity stage in female I.argentinus
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图 6 阿根廷滑柔鱼雌、雄个体性腺质量与胴长散点图
Figure 6. Relationship between gonad weight and mantle length in male and female I.argentinus
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图 7 阿根廷滑柔鱼雌、雄个体不同性腺发育期的平均胴长
Figure 7. Average mantel length of female and male I.argentinus in each maturity stage
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图 8 阿根廷滑柔鱼雌、雄个体性成熟-胴长关系
Figure 8. Relationship between maturity and mantle length of I.argentinus
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图 9 不同胴长组阿根廷滑柔鱼摄食等级比例
Figure 9. Ratio of feeding intensity of I.argentinus in different mantle-length groups
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图 10 逐次采样阿根廷滑柔鱼雌雄胃饱满度比较
Figure 10. Temporal variation of stomach fullness of female and male I.argentinus
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图 11 阿根廷滑柔鱼雌、雄个体胴长-体质量的相关关系
Figure 11. Relationship of mantle length and body weight between male and female I.argentinus
表 1 阿根廷滑柔鱼调查样本
Table 1 Survey samples of I.argentinus
采样日期sampling date 雄性male 雌性female 数量/ind number 体质量/g body weight 胴长/mm mantle length 数量/ind number 体质量/g body weight 胴长/mm mantle length 2011-01-03 52 40~145 131~189 51 52~296 140~240 2011-01-13 47 49~242 131~208 53 73~286 144~243 2011-01-23 44 89~216 158~212 56 111~286 182~236 2011-02-03 41 37~249 123~219 58 35~276 121~234 2011-02-13 34 110~239 151~220 66 115~318 183~250 2011-02-23 58 108~440 180~227 43 115~495 180~275 2011-03-05 51 165~419 191~256 49 142~572 194~285 2011-03-22 41 132~502 182~259 57 136~753 176~376 2011-04-05 66 207~525 187~261 34 143~812 180~306 共计total 434 37~525 123~261 467 35~812 121~376 
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