Abstract: To elucidate long-term response patterns of Schizothoracine fishes growth to past climate change, we reconstructed a 50-year historical growth chronology of Schizothorax waltoni by using hard tissue dendrochronology and explored its growth response to past climate variability through mixed-effects models. The results demonstrate that the index of average percentual error in age estimation between annual ring counting and cross-dating methods was 5.13% and 0%, respectively, with the discrepancy between the two methods increasing with age. The mean synchrony index of growth chronology was 0.406, and a significant decreasing trend in measured increment width was observed with advancing age. The constructed growth mixed-effects model explained 91.7% of the growth variation in S. waltoni, with intrinsic factors and climatic factors collectively accounting for 80.1% of the explanatory power. The growth of S. waltoni exhibited both individual and interannual variability, with a growth regime shift occurring in the 1990s. Temperature, Arctic Oscillation (AO), El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) all showed negative linear relationships with fish growth, demonstrating spatial and lag effects on growth patterns. Notably, IOD emerged as the key climatic driver, with an estimated parameter value of −0.061 8. Future studies should incorporate sexual maturity and additional environmental factors into model construction while considering temporal scales, spatial scales, and species-specific characteristics to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of schizothoracine fishes' growth responses to multifaceted environmental changes.