Review of influences of filter-feeding bivalves aquaculture on planktonic community
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摘要: 滤食性贝类是世界上产量最大的养殖种类,规模化养殖极大地增加了近岸水域中贝类的数量。贝类生理过程和养殖活动对海洋生态系统的影响是海洋生态学的重要研究领域。文章梳理了目前关于贝类对浮游生物影响的研究进展,总结了规模化贝类养殖对养殖区及毗连水域的浮游生物数量和群落结构的主要影响机制:贝类的滤食对浮游生物产生强烈的下行控制作用而降低浮游生物的数量;选择性捕食改变了浮游生物群落结构;贝类的排泄增加了水体中的营养元素,促进了浮游植物的生长;贝类的生物沉积则导致硅 (Si) 元素的沉积和埋藏,改变了生源要素的比例,对硅藻等浮游植物产生了限制;贝类养殖设施的阻流作用使浮游生物在养殖区的滞留时间延长,增加了浮游生物被捕食的概率;贝类养殖显著增加了海鞘等滤食性附着生物的数量,从而也对浮游生物产生了影响。此外,还提出了有待继续深入研究的科学问题。Abstract: Filter-feeding bivalves is one of the most productive species in the world. Large scale aquaculture has increased the number of shellfish in coastal waters greatly. The influences of bivalves' physiological processes and aquaculture activities on the marine ecosystem have drawn lots of attention from scientists. This paper summarizes the current research progress on the impact of shellfish on plankton, and conclude that the influences of bivalves aquaculture on plankton communities in farming areas and its adjacent area include: the filter feeding leads to a grazing pressure and exerts a ‘top-down’ control of planktonic communities in farming areas, resulting in a significant depletion of plankton concentration; selective predation changed plankton community structure; the excretion of shellfish increased the nutrient elements in the water and promoted the growth of phytoplankton; the biodeposition process lead to a deposition and burial of silicon (Si) which resulted in a change in biogenic elements ratio and a limit of diatom; the rearing infrastructures decreased the hydrodynamic and water flow velocity, and prolonged the residence time of plankton inside farming areas, which tends to increase the risk of predation of planktonic populations, reducing biomass and production; bivalves can increase the amount of fouling organisms and have an impact on plankton. Finally, the paper summarizes the scientific problems to be further studied.
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Keywords:
- Filter-feeding bivalves /
- Plankton /
- Selective feeding /
- Top-down control /
- Fouling organisms
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西江是珠江的主干流,发源于云南省曲靖市沾益县马雄山,在广东省佛山市三水区思贤窖与北江汇合后进入三角洲网河区,然后注入南海[1]。西江属于亚热带气候区,气候温和、雨量充沛,流域水环境适合鱼类生长,鱼类资源丰富,是主要的淡水鱼类产区之一[2]。赤眼鳟 (Squaliobarbus curriculus) 隶属于鲤形目、鲤科、雅罗鱼亚科、赤眼鳟属,广泛分布于中国、朝鲜和越南地区[3]。赤眼鳟为杂食性,对环境适应能力强,在珠江中下游的渔业生产中占有较高的比重,是珠江主要的经济鱼类[4]。20世纪80年代,中国水产科学研究院珠江水产研究所联合有关单位对珠江水系渔业资源进行过一次系统调查,研究了赤眼鳟生长、繁殖、摄食等生物学特征,并阐述了其产卵场、渔期、渔场等信息[5]。
西江是赤眼鳟重要的产卵和育肥栖息地。为保护赤眼鳟的种质资源,西江典型水域划定了保护区,以保护其资源及生存环境[6]。从2011年起西江流域开设实施禁渔期制度,这也为赤眼鳟的资源养护提供了重要保证。然而近年来,受梯级开发、航道清礁、疏浚、过度捕捞、环境污染等因素影响,西江渔业资源衰退严重,亟需对渔业资源现状开展评估,为西江渔业资源养护提供科学指导。渔业的科学分析和评价,为渔业资源的生态、经济和社会可持续开发奠定了基础。了解当前的捕捞压力和生物学参考水平资源量,将有助于渔业资源可持续发展管理战略的制定[7]。传统的渔业资源评估成本较高且缺乏调查数据,难以进行有效的分析评估。统计调查显示,全球渔业种类有资源评估的不足1%[8]。计算机模拟能力的提高促进了渔业资源评估方法的快速发展,资源评估模型也呈现多样化和复杂化。利用数据有限条件下的评估模型可以分析种群的生物量、自然死亡系数 (M)、可持续产量和捕捞风险等。目前,用于渔业资源评估的模型还是以单物种模型为主[9]。R软件包TropFishR是一种新的利用长度频率 (LFQ) 数据进行单种鱼类资源评估的分析工具,该工具编译单一物种资源量评估方法,专门为数据量有限的渔业提供评估分析[7]。基于体长频率数据的渔业可捕规格及资源保护研究已有报道[10-11],但尚未见有关赤眼鳟的研究。因此,为评估西江赤眼鳟渔业开发利用状况,本研究利用2014年在西江封开段赤眼鳟渔业生物学调查数据,根据体长频率数据对其生长、死亡参数及资源利用状况进行分析,以期为西江赤眼鳟渔业资源保护提供参考依据。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 采样时间、地点和方法
2014年1、3、4、6、8、9、10和11月在西江封开江段 (111°22'E—111°32'E、23°13'N—23°28'N) 利用流刺网、抛网和定置网进行采样调查,流刺网、抛网和定置网网目尺寸分别为5~10 cm、7~10 cm和5 cm。对采集的赤眼鳟样品进行体长和体质量的生物学测定,体长测定精确到0.1 cm,体质量测定精确到0.1 g。
1.2 数据分析方法
1.2.1 体长和体质量关系
赤眼鳟体长和体质量关系参考耿平等[12]采用幂函数关系进行拟合,表达式为W=a×Lb。式中,W表示体质量 (g),L表示体长 (cm),a为条件因子,b为幂指数。
1.2.2 生长、死亡参数的估算
本研究使用TropFishR (v1.2) 软件包在R 3.5.2上完成数据分析。将体长数据电子表格导入R转换为LFQ列表,组间距设置为2 cm,移动平均值 (Moving average, MA) 设置为9 cm[13]。
von Bertalanffy生长函数 (VBGF) 的生长参数 [ 渐近体长 (Linf) 和生长系数 (K)] 利用电子长度频率分析 (Electronic length frequency analysis, ELEFAN) 进行分析,使用Powell-Wetherall、ELEFAN、ELEFAN模拟退火法 (ELEFAN_SA) 和ELEFAN遗传算法 (ELEFAN_GA) 函数进行估算[14-16]。利用Powell-Wetherall方法首先估算Linf,然后将估算的Linf用于ELEFAN的进一步分析[7]。基于ELEFAN估算Linf和K有4种方法:1) K-scan法用于估算固定Linf对应的K;2) 响应面分析法 (Response surface methodology, RSM);3) ELEFAN_SA;4) ELEFAN_GA。后3种方法可以同时估计Linf和K[17-18]。
M和总死亡系数 (Z) 使用M_empirical和catchCurve函数进行计算。M的计算采用了基于200种鱼类综合分析得出的最新公式,该方法需要使用Linf和K [19]。catchCurve函数将长度转换的线性捕获曲线应用于长度频率数据,估算瞬时Z。捕捞死亡系数 (F) 和开发率 (E) 根据公式计算:F=Z–M,E=F/Z[20]。
1.2.3 渔业资源状况分析
渔业资源量分析利用实际种群分析 (Virtual population analysis, VPA) 和predict_mod函数完成。赤眼鳟各体长组的资源量和F使用琼斯长度转换队列分析 (Jones' length converted cohort analysis, CA) 进行估算,CA分析需要利用生长和死亡参数,以及体长-体质量关系参数a和b[7, 21-22]。
利用Excel 2010和R软件完成数据的整理、统计分析和图形构建。
2. 结果
2.1 体长、体质量分布及幂函数关系
2014年在西江封开江段共采集赤眼鳟526尾,体长为12.30~44.00 cm,平均24.25 cm,优势体长组为17.00~35.00 cm (91.83%);体质量为34.0~1 200.0 g,平均313.3 g,优势体质量组为0~400 g (81.37%,图1)。
根据赤眼鳟体长和体质量数据,拟合西江封开江段赤眼鳟体长-体质量的幂函数关系为W=0.028 8L2.858 2,R2=0.87;a=0.028 8,b=2.858 2 (图2,表1)。式中b<3,说明赤眼鳟的生长呈负异速生长,体长生长速度要快于体质量[23]。
2.2 生长、死亡参数估算
将赤眼鳟体长数据电子表格导入R转换为LFQ列表,数据可视化见图3。
利用Powell-Wetherall、ELEFAN、ELEFAN_SA和ELEFAN_GA函数对西江封开江段赤眼鳟Linf和K进行估算。4个函数估算的Linf依次为72、67、74和70 cm,K依次为0.46、0.51、0.10和0.33。在Linf和K的估算过程中,首先使用Powell-Wetherall估算Linf,估算结果被进一步用于ELEFAN分析,缩小值的搜索范围;ELEFAN的不足之处在于无法对使用的参数进行自动优化;相较于ELEFAN,ELEFAN_SA和ELEFAN_GA通过模拟退火算法和遗传算法进行了优化[13,24]。
M和Z的分析参考Mildenberger等[7]使用M_empirical和catchCurve函数完成。其中Linf和K使用ELEFAN_SA函数估算的结果。结果显示,西江封开江段赤眼鳟M=0.19,Z=1.51。计算得出F=1.32,E=0.88。
表 1 不同时期西江赤眼鳟生长参数比较Table 1. Growth and mortality parameters of S. curriculus in different periods in Xijiang River生长参数
Growth parameter年份 Year 1982[5] 2008[25] 2014
(本研究 This study)生长条件因子 (a) Growing conditions factor 1.080 9×10−2 0.90×10−2 2.88×10−2 幂指数系数 (b) Power factor 3.101 2 3.136 2.858 2 生长系数 (K) Growth coefficient 0.053 3 0.135 9 0.1 自然死亡系数 (M) Natural mortality coefficient 0.085 8 0.193 6 0.19 渐近体长 (Linf) Asymptotic length/cm 118.36 61.634 74 2.3 资源量及状况分析
西江封开江段赤眼鳟资源量尾数为2 234 652,资源量为428.558 t (图4)。
利用predict_mod函数进行单位补充量渔获量 (Yield per recruit, YPR) 模型分析 (图5)。结果显示,YPR先随着F的增大而快速增加,当F增加到一定程度时,增长率减缓,达到最大值后开始呈现下降的趋势。当前状态下赤眼鳟的F=1.32,首次开捕体长为12.3 cm,对应的YPR为1.89 g;若保持F不变,将首次开捕体长设置为27.8 cm,YPR可增至5.95 g。从生物学参考点角度来看,首次开捕体长设定为27.8 cm,F设定为F0.5=0.25时,对应YPR的Y0.5=6.98 g;F设定为Fmsy=0.45时,可获得最大YPR为7.76 g (图5-a)。当前的F和首次开捕体长状况,表明西江封开江段赤眼鳟资源遭受过度捕捞。
图 5 汤普森和贝尔模型的结果a. 开捕体长=27.8 cm时,单位补充产量和生物量变化曲线,黑点表示当前捕捞压力下单位补充产量和生物量,黄色和红色虚线分别代表最大可持续产量 (Fmsy) 的F和原始生物量减少50%的F (F0.5);b. 不同捕捞强度和开捕体长对单位补充产量的影响,黑点代表着当前的捕捞状况,x轴表示FFigure 5. Results of Thompson and Bell modela. Curves of yield and biomass per recruit when the current length at first capture was 27.8 cm. The black dots represent yield and biomass per recruit under current fishing pressure. The yellow and red dashed lines represent fishing mortality for maximum sustainable yield (Fmsy) and fishing mortality associated with a 50 % reduction relative to the virgin biomass (F0.5); b. Exploration of impact of different exploitation rates and Lc values on the yield per recruit. The black dots represent the current fishing regime. The x-axis corresponds to the fishing mortality.当捕捞强度较小时 (F<0.1),开捕体长对YPR的影响不大,增加开捕体长的情况下,YPR不会有大的增加;而随着捕捞强度的增大 (F>0.2),增加开捕体长时,对应YPR会显著地增加。若保持当前赤眼鳟F=1.32不变,将开捕体长增至47.2 cm,YPR为10.92 g;若保持当前开捕体长12.3 cm不变,将F降至0.2,YPR为5.70 g;若同时调整开捕体长和捕捞强度,将首次开捕体长调整为27.8 cm,F调整为0.45,则YPR为7.76 g;将开捕体长设定为47.9 cm,捕捞强度设定为1.5,对应YPR为10.96 g (图5-b)。
3. 讨论
3.1 评估方法
目前有多种R软件包可用于渔业资源评估,涵盖了渔业科学的一般分析方法和基于年龄的渔业资源评估分析方法[26-28]。FiSAT II软件利用体长频率数据进行单一物种种群资源量评估[29-30]。相较而言,本研究使用的TropFishR进一步增强了数据限制方法的功能,包括传统的和更新版本的电子长度频率分析方法及一整套利用LFQ数据进行渔业分析的方法;TropFishR利用一年的体长频率数据,通过YPR模型评估渔业资源,获得渔业资源管理的生物学参考水平[7]。电子长度频率分析对数据重构中MA的设置具有重要的作用,MA设置低时会导致Linf的估值过高;设置合适的MA,生长方程参数能够得到较好的估算,且精度较高[18]。在FiSAT II软件中MA设置为固定值5[31],本研究中MA设置为9比较合适。在渔业资源调查中,由于体长大的鱼类样本获得比较困难,样本的统计数量比较少,导致利用ELEFAN方法难以估算Linf的参数值[7]。本研究通过Powell-Wetherall先粗略估算一个Linf,将Linf的搜索细化到更小范围。Linf的范围被限制后,K会根据长度频率数据自动受到限制。通常小型的生命周期短的物种K较高 (如>1.5),而大型且生命周期长的物种K较低 (<1.0)[7]。
3.2 生长及死亡参数
鱼类体长与体质量幂函数关系中,幂指数系数b的变化与鱼类的生长和营养有关,不同种群之间或同一种群不同年份之间b有所差异,淡水鱼类的b介于2.5~4.0[32]。本研究中赤眼鳟b为2.858 2,小于1982年研究的对应值 (表1),当前赤眼鳟的生长呈负异速生长,体长比体质量生长快。K和M的值对资源量的估算具有重要的影响,准确估算资源量大小要求K和M值有足够的准确度[33]。K满足e−k<1时,用von Bertalanffy方程能较好地拟合鱼类生长;M/K介于1.5~2.5时,M的估算比较合理[34]。本研究e−k=0.90,M/K为1.87,K和M的估算符合理论要求。本研究赤眼鳟的Linf和1981—1982年相比,减小了37.5%,呈现迅速减小的趋势,表明当前赤眼鳟遭受严重的捕捞压力和环境胁迫。M和鱼类生长及栖息地环境等有着密切的关系,本研究赤眼鳟的M较1981—1982年增加了117.9%,这也反映了西江日益恶化的水环境及渔业过度捕捞的状况,西江渔业资源面临的现实状况十分严峻。水利工程建设也是影响赤眼鳟渔业资源变动的重要原因,据不完全统计,20世纪80年代珠江修建水库8 731座,水闸共3 311座[35],目前珠江修建的水库有1.7万座,水闸8 500座[1]。赤眼鳟为产漂流性卵鱼类,需要洄游产卵完成繁殖,众多水利枢纽的建设对西江赤眼鳟的洄游形成了阻隔,这对赤眼鳟的资源补充造成严重的影响。此外水质污染和外来种入侵也会对赤眼鳟资源变化产生重要的影响。水质污染对赤眼鳟仔鱼及幼鱼的生长产生不利影响,致使补充群体损失严重。西江外来入侵鱼类有10多种,这些外来种和土著鱼类争夺生态位空间,对本地土著鱼类资源造成严重损害。
3.3 资源利用现状及保护
生物学参考点作为渔业资源养护管理和捕捞强度控制的重要参考基准,具有保守性和预防性的优点,在全球渔业资源状况整体呈现衰退的趋势下,国内外学者对该理论均有广泛的关注和应用[23,36-38]。Beverton-Holt动态综合模型通过研究2个可控因素——捕捞强度和开捕规格对YPR的影响,为渔业管理制定最适开捕体长和捕捞强度提供依据。基于体长频率数据的赤眼鳟可捕规格与资源保护研究在西江尚未见报道,本研究首次对西江封开段赤眼鳟进行了体长频率分析。西江封开江段赤眼鳟当前的F为1.32,首次开捕体长为12.3 cm,赤眼鳟资源处于过度捕捞状态。长期经受较大的捕捞强度时,鱼类的表型性状会产生适应性响应,体长和性成熟年龄表现较为明显,个体呈现小型化趋势。开捕体长的选择可能是影响鱼类表型对捕捞压力响应的原因,人为选择因素对鱼类种群的进化产生影响,引起个体生物学特征产生变化;当F长期数倍高于M时,也会增强资源群体的选择性,促使小个体快速补充进入渔业[12]。YPR模型分析,若保持当前捕捞强度不变,将开捕体长调整至27.8 cm,YPR可增至5.95 g;将开捕体长增加至47.2 cm时,YPR可达10.92 g;若保持当前开捕体长12.3 cm不变,将F降至0.2时,YPR为5.70 g;若同时调整开捕体长和捕捞强度,将首次开捕体长调整为27.8 cm,F调整为0.45,可获得YPR为7.76 g;将开捕体长设置为47.9 cm,捕捞强度为1.5时,对应YPR为10.96 g。在实际渔业管理操作中,将捕捞强度增至1.5,与当前捕捞强度相比变化不大,保护效果不够显著;将开捕体长增至47.2 cm,YPR增幅较大,但对应的捕捞渔具规格要求过大,这会导致渔民实际的渔获量比例大幅降低,不能保证渔业捕捞的产量。因此,采取适当降低捕捞强度和提高首次开捕体长相结合的渔业管理和保护手段对资源的利用效果更好。在自然条件下,西江赤眼鳟雌雄个体都要在3龄时才能全部达到性成熟,对应体长约27 cm[5,35]。综合考虑赤眼鳟YPR及达到性成熟的条件,建议将首次开捕体长设为27.8 cm,将捕捞强度降至0.45,这样既能保证渔获产量,也可以保护产卵群体,有利于赤眼鳟资源群体的修复,实现资源的可持续利用。
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